截至2019年1月31日，美国心脏Association (AHA)需要在教授成人心肺复苏（CPR）技能的所有课程中使用仪器的指示反馈设备。这American Red Cross implemented the same initiativein their training courses in January 2018.
CPR feedback has come a long way since the development of the world’s first CPR manikin. Prior to 1960, many methods that would be considered unusual by today’s standards were used to treat victims of sudden cardiac arrest. Intuitively, people knew that there was something that could be done to revive victims – and then science proved them right. Here’s a look at the history of CPR feedback through the lens of the most recognizable and “most kissed” woman in the world – Resusci Anne.
Photo: Resusci Anne featured on The Today Show in 1973.
1960年，詹姆斯·裘德（James Jude）博士，威廉·库文霍文（William Kouwenhoven）博士和G. Guy Knickerbocker在Journal of the American Medical Associationon “closed-chest cardiac massage,” which evolved into cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).1几年后，即1963年，美国心脏协会（AHA）正式认可CPR。2
Resusci Anne由Asmund S. Laerdal与Safar博士和Bjorn Lind博士一起开发，成为世界上第一个CPR培训Manikin。Resusci Anne为高质量的心肺复苏术提供了实时反馈。表盘表示正确的通风和压缩。
Photo: Article published in 1968 about Resusci Anne.
In 1972, the world’s first mass CPR training program began in Seattle, certifying more than 100,000 people in the first two years.3西雅图继续强调旁观者的参与和培训使其成为心脏骤停的最安全地方之一。4
录音Resusci Anne帮助通过印刷性能反馈训练Laypeople。纸条提供了通风和压缩质量的视觉表示。
Photo: Rosalynn Carter performing compressions on the Recording Resusci Anne at the White House.
A program to provide telephone instructions for CPR began in King County, Washington. Emergency dispatchers gave directions to callers while the fire department and emergency medical technicians (EMTs) were en route to the scene. Dispatcher-assisted CPR is now common throughout the United States, and dispatchers must hold a valid CPR certification.5
拉尔达尔（Laerdal）认识到，质量CPR的结果与任何CPR的结果截然不同。Skillmeter Resusci Anne旨在满足对实时CPR测量和反馈的日益增长的需求。她使用先进的电子设备显示CPR技术和步骤序列。
Photo:Many dispatchers began training to perform quality CPR usingSkillMeterResusci Anne.
Public Access Defibrillation programs began placing automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in public places and providing training to the public.6Rapid defibrillation is essential to increasing survival from SCA, and today AEDs can be found in nearly all public facilities.
Resusci Anne Skillguide具有基本的CPR反馈。Laerdal开发了CPR-D版本，该版本允许进行广泛的模拟自动外部除颤（AED）训练。SkillGuide设备和Skillreporter打印机作为免费反馈选项提供。
Photo:NASA宇航员的玛格丽特·瑞亚·塞登（Margaret Rhea Seddon）在1993年进行任务时进行了零重力CPR培训。
这美国心脏Association and European Resuscitation Council (ERC) guidelines emphasized the importance ofqualityCPR。精度和精度开始在心肺复苏式培训课程中增加重量。
Laerdal PC SkillReporting System was developed to offer an additional feedback option to supplement the SkillGuide device and SkillReporter printer. By the end of the 2000’s, Resusci Anne was a highly-modular manikin offering numerous configurations, accessories, and feedback options.
Photo:SkillReporter打印机用于在执行压缩时同时审查反馈。
这2010 AHA Guidelines加强了高质量心肺复苏的重要性，但也带来了重大变化。建议的压缩率和深度进行了修改，这要求个人和团队提高其心肺复苏术技能。同时，西雅图的复苏学院（Resuscitiation Academy）在世界各地的最佳实践中培训领导者，以增加心脏骤停的生存。
In 2013, Resusci Anne QCPR was released to improve feedback capabilities and manikin modularity. Resusci Anne QCPR worked with the SimPad platform, which increased the sophistication of CPR debriefing and data analysis. And, in 2015, the addition ofShockLink使Resusci Anne QCPR用户能够将自己的临床除颤器安全地集成到高性能的CPR培训中。
Photo:紧急医疗服务（EMS）参与了他们必须除颤安妮（Resusci Anne）的情况。
Now that the American Red Cross and the AHA have issued mandates that require the use of a direct feedback device in all adult CPR courses, quality CPR training is attainable for everyone- lay people and healthcare providers alike.
在2018年，Resusci Anne QCPRwas redesigned to improve the simplicity of use. The latest enhancements include Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) for an easier and faster connection, a rechargeable battery up to 34 hours of mobile operating time, and more feedback device options than ever before. The new Resusci Anne QCPR is compatible with the QCPR Instructor and QCPR Learner apps as well as CPR for Teams, a new training option within SimPad PLUS with SkillReporter.
Photo: EMS professionals training in a realistic environment with their clinical defibrillator.
Resuscitation training has continued to evolve in the direction of more robust feedback and analytics, effectively removing all “guessing” from the training equation. Now, we are seeing this feedback integrated into downloadable software and apps. The AHA has alsoannouncedthat the adult CPR training requirement will extend to infant and pediatric training in the future.
随着反馈技术的发展，CPR培训也随之发展。据估计，Laerdal的复苏Manikins已被用来培训全球超过5亿人。估计挽救了250万人的生命。我们只能希望这些趋势将继续下去，以便每个学习者都会获得自我效能，以执行挽救生命的心肺复苏术。
照片：与Skill Reporter有关Simpad Plus的高性能CPR团队培训课程的评论.
