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到达Covid-19的到来,医院学到了什么?

Using Simulation to Prepare Healthcare Professionals

世界卫生组织(WHO)称之为冠状病毒(Covid-19)我们这个时代定义的全球健康危机.1For hospital providers, this is particularly true. As the first COVID-19 patient cases were reported in the U.S., there were still many holes in the scientific community’s knowledge – and this meant that healthcare professionals were at the mercy of new updates每天.他们必须学习如何以少于必要的资源来进行自由调整。

COVID-19 has raised many questions about care protocols, patient needs, hospital layouts, and how to prepare for the unexpected. Simulation training is intended to provide practice for situations one hopes will never arise. It can also be used as a powerful tool to improve healthcare responses.随着医院系统在过去几个月中的经验进行汇报,值得考虑的模拟是改善和建立现有努力的一种手段。

在这里,我们分享了一些医院所确定的得到教训从冠状病毒以及模拟培训如何帮助前进。

1.医院需要内置的灵活性

由于9/11,医院重新设计了部门和协议,以更好地应对恐怖主义事件。2现在,未来的医院可能会被设计为更好地应对大流行事件。

在大流行中,专家们认为,医院的结构和布局需要内置的灵活性。3Facilities did what they could with what they had as COVID-19 patients increased. Now, organizations are looking at ways to act more strategically. This might include ways to expand bed count beyond the standard model or how to isolate different areas of the hospitals with separate air filtration systems. And, whereas hospitals typically would not stockpile more supplies than they require for the average number of patients, they are now beginning to keep larger amounts of supplies on hand.

组织可能会开始评估其当前蓝图,并注视着每个单元中的床位,存储,个人防护设备(PPE)的量,机械呼吸机的数量以及每个临时或永久性前房的位置。检查医疗空间和识别缺陷的最有用的方法之一是使用原位模拟- 这是在真正的临床环境中运行的基于团队的模拟形式。除了测试房间的逻辑流外,原位模拟还被证明可以提高团队合作,沟通技巧和患者安全成果.4

2.临床训练必须敏捷

由于证明有益于COVID-19患者的少数干预措施之一是机械通气,因此人们对管理呼吸机所需的技能的重点增加了。通常,这些技能是呼吸治疗师或强化主义者独有的,在近50%的医院中,没有一个经常进行巡回赛的强化主义者。5

In addition to the skills required to manage the ventilator itself, hospitals discovered that they did not have a sufficient number of personnel authorized to intubate and extubate their patients. Without adequate staff permitted to intubate patients prior to putting them on a ventilator, unnecessary delays were identified. And, the high risk for aerosolization of respiratory secretions during extubation required additional precautions to be put in place.

"Residency training, in general, doesn’t do a lot of ventilator training. I think the majority of it is handled by the respiratory therapist and the intensivist. So people coming out of residency [don’t have] the experience to know which settings to adjust or particularly what settings to start somebody on when they’re in respiratory failure."

- 柯蒂斯·匡威(Curtis Converse),做,肺和重症监护同胞,箭头医疗中心*

尽管对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的大规模培训可能不是其原始培训议程的一部分,但医院必须迅速调整其计划,以确保跨学科的提供者有信心治疗Covid-19患者。This ability to quickly and seamlessly change course was an important determinant for how well a hospital responded to the pandemic.

模拟培训有助于增强临床理解,并为提供者在对待真正的患者之前提供动手实践的机会。当医院正在努力培训一大批从业人员执行一项特定任务时,模拟可以使该培训对参与者产生影响。而且,在短时间进行此培训时,使用预编程的模拟场景可以节省时间。

3. Strong Cultural Competence and Interpersonal Skills Are Critical

Nationally, Blacks, Hispanics and other minority populations are disproportionally affected by COVID-19.6而且,不幸的是,the coronavirus has only exacerbated existing and well-knownhealth disparities.

与白人患者相比,种族和少数民族的成员不太可能接受预防性卫生服务,并且经常获得较低质量的护理。7这与社会经济和人口统计学因素结合,导致了少数民族的灾难性医疗保健结果。提供者不仅必须适应这些因素,而且还必须训练以不断发展其文化能力。使用模拟来训练多样化的患者人群 - 特别是使用肤色较深的模拟器可以为从业者创造大开眼界的学习体验。

尽管Covid-19使种族和少数民族的健康差异提高了人们对健康差异的认识,但它还鼓励医疗保健提供者通过使用人际交往和沟通技巧全部患者和彼此。来自不同学科的护理提供者以前所未有的方式汇集在一起​​,并有望作为一支高度功能的团队表演。

“我们的患者不再看到我们的脸。他们看到了我们的面具。人们说我们现在正在学习用眼睛微笑。这对每个人都压力很大。您必须学习一种新的交流方式,这与我们的任何东西完全不同’ve done for the last 10 years in intensive care."

- 意大利米兰人类大学毛里齐奥·塞克科尼博士**

在正常情况下,患者家庭在脆弱的患者病例中尽可能地参与其中。Covid-19破坏了这一点,因为医院不允许床边的家人或访客。这意味着关键的患者和死亡附近的患者一直仅依靠医疗保健提供者来获得情感支持,并且提供者需要表现出最强的人际交往能力。

基于跨学科的团队模拟培训通常以一种可以提高临床准确性的学习方法而闻名。但是,这种培训通常还可以帮助学习者改善他们的方式interact with a patient在个人层面上。沟通技巧,融洽的建设,情感支持和增加的患者信任对于积极的患者结果和患者满意至关重要。而且,这种类型的培训为医疗保健提供者提供了一个机会,可以练习使用机组人员资源管理(CRM)或TeamStepps工具,以改善团队沟通。

尽管美国冠状病毒导致的死亡人数减少了,但医院正在利用这段时间来评估其反应并为“第二波”患者的潜力做好准备。8许多组织正在保存PPE,补充其呼吸机的供应,并为Covid-19患者维护独家空间。

此外,随着医院的专注于为患者提供高质量护理,许多人正在评估支持患者旅途中下一步的方法。这包括在临床培训,感染控制和个人防护设备等领域中支持长期护理设施和其他关联部门的护理场所。

医院还利用这段时间来确保医疗保健提供者对其协议和准则有能力和自信。模拟培训可以帮助组织实现这一目标。

We had virtually no high-quality public health response other than what we’ve learned from histories of a hundred years of infectious diseases...We were not able to test, we were not able to track, and we were not able to quarantine, so we immediately moved from containment to mitigation in terms of social distancing. We don’t want to have to do that again in the fall.

Dr. Howard Baucher, Editor-in-Chief of Scientific Publications, The Journal of the American Medical Association***

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参考

  1. World Health Organization. (2020). WHO director-general’s opening remarks at the media briefing on covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---16-march-2020
  2. Dajer, T. (2006). Lessons learned: New york downtown hospital and 9/11. HealthLeaders Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.hcpro.com/HOM-83615-3749/Lessons-Learned-New-York-Downtown-Hospital-and-911.html
  3. 贝克,M。(2020)。经验教训:Covid-19将如何永远改变医院。重新期刊。取自https://rejournals.com/lessens-learned-how-covid-19-will-change-hospitals-forever/
  4. G.L。帕特森,医学博士,盖斯,你可以r.a. LeMaster, T., & Wears, R.L. (2013). In situ simulation: detection of safety threats and teamwork training in a high-risk emergency department. BMJ Quality & Safety, 22, p. 468-477. DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2012-000942
  5. Butterfield,S。(2020)。与COVID战斗的工具:呼吸机管理。ACP住院医生。取自https://acphospitalist.org/archives/2020/05/time-time-the-cram-on-on-ventilator-management.htm
  6. Nania,R。(2020)。美国早期的数据显示,黑人,西班牙裔人遭受了冠状病毒的困难。AARP。取自https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/info-2020/minority-communities-communities-covid-19.html
  7. Hostetter, M. & Klein, S. (2018). In focus: Reducing racial disparities in health care by confronting racism. The Commonwealth Fund. Retrieved from https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/newsletter-article/2018/sep/focus-reducing-racial-disparities-health-care-confronting
  8. 亨德里克森(V.L.)(2020)。纽约医院为潜在的第二波冠状病毒做准备。MarketWatch。取自https://www.marketwatch.com/story/new-york-hospitals-prepare-for-a-potential-second-wave-the-coronavirus-2020-06-06-03

*Butterfield, S. (2020). See reference #5.

**Harvard Medical School. (2020). Lessons learned from around the world in dealing with covid-19 – Italy. Retrieved from https://postgraduateeducation.hms.harvard.edu/thought-leadership/lessons-learned-around-world-dealing-covid-19-italy

*** Berg,S。(2020)。让科学讲话:从Covid-19中学到的教训。美国医学协会。取自https://www.ama-assn.org/deliverring-care/public-health/letting-science-science-science-science-science-science-lears-learned-covid-19

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