为什么对等学习棒

在典型的讲座课上，只有40％的学习者正在积极关注。¹70% of learners retain what they hear in the first 10 minutes of a lecture, and only 20% of learners retain what they hear during the last 10 minutes.²For educators, this can be disheartening. For nursing programs, this poses a serious problem. Learners who need to graduate with life-saving skills and knowledge may not recall a large portion of the material.

罗马哲学家塞内卡（Seneca）说：“当我们教书时，我们学习。”数千年来，教育一直返回这一公理。教育者通过指派学习者教别人的成功被称为门生效应。而且，在使用仿真来胜任执行临床任务的背景下，它提供了一个理想的机会，可以采用老式的学习方法并在当今使其成为新学校。

During peer-to-peer learning, the assigned teacher, the protégé, experiences a far greater motivation to learn, meaning that students generally make a greater effort to learn for those that they will teach than they do for themselves.³And, there are benefits for the non-protégé as well. Learning becomes a social endeavor, as all students involved will engage with one another to collaboratively construct their understanding of material.⁴

In nursing schools, where there is an almost unanimous burden to do more with less, peer-to-peer learning has been an emerging trend.Peer-to-peer learning, sometimes referred to as peer teaching or peer mentoring, involves learners in a similar situation learning from and with each other through their interactions. In this article, we highlight how this educational approach can help you to more effectively train new nurses.

In the United States, the average student to faculty member ratio in colleges and universities is 16:1.⁵在护理计划中，学生人数通常更高。一对一或小组互动的数量有限，以发展技能会对学习者产生负面影响。而且，认识到大量的时间承诺和认知超负荷，护理专业的学生不太可能自愿提供额外技能练习的空闲时间。

点对点学习可以帮助满足学习者对模拟技能培训的需求。一项研究表明，使用同行指导的练习的学生看到了表现精神运动技能的信心和支持。⁶另一项研究表明，对于那些通过同行教学学习的人的表现得分将比传统临床课程的助理教学人员培训的人要好得多。⁷Both findings point to peer-to-peer learning as a method of improving learner outcomes.

If your organization is battling low faculty and staff numbers, peer-to-peer learning might be an alternative method that can help. As part of this method, instructors and simulation experts play the role of facilitator, setting expectations, assigning teams, and overseeing the learner interactions. However, it is the learners (specifically, the protégés) who lead the skills development session, observe other learners, and provide detailed feedback and guidance throughout a scenario.

It’s often stated that millennials are glued to their phones – and a recent survey found that this is true! 39% of millennials (born between 1981 and 1996) admit that they interact more with their smartphones than they do with their significant others, parents, friends, or co-workers.⁸In an age of increasing screen time, learners may experience less face-to-face time with other learners and their instructors. The time for discussion and group exercises can be limited and learners can begin to feel isolated in their studies.

Peer-to-peer learningcan provide the personal engagement that millennials want. Research findings show benefits of peer partnerships that support the transition from university to nursing practice, including preparing students to be mentors in the clinical setting and reducing student anxieties.⁹Experts also believe that peer-to-peer learning provides a sense of belonging that can help learners cope with academic stress. Learners will often turn to their peers for advice and guidance, particularly when they are exposed to new concepts. And, such socialization has been proven to strengthen the learning process.¹⁰

In addition to the psychological benefits, learners see cognitive improvement with peer-to-peer learning. One study found that peer learning among nursing students led to an increase in clinical accuracy and a decrease in practical mistakes.¹¹由于对等学习使学习者对自己的表现以及另一个学习者的表现负责，因此他们的参与度很高。学习者感到对手头主题的承诺水平提高。

通过对等学习，毫无疑问，您的学习者是否致力于临床卓越。He or she can repeat a skill or scenario time and time again, returning to weak areas in their training, until they perform a task perfectly.

Today, many universities are seeking supplemental approaches to the traditional classroom. The reasons vary from budget cuts, high student populations, and increasing demands on staff.¹²A primary benefit of simulation boasted by experts is a high return on investment (ROI). As a reminder, it’s not just high-fidelity simulation that can buildROI– skills training offers an opportunity as well.

Peer-to-peer learningcan result in a time-savings. By enabling learners to assess each other’s skills performance – rather than relying on one sole instructor – multiple trainings can occur simultaneously without sacrificing quality. In fact, nursing students who have practiced using peer learning techniques agreed that the他们从同龄人那里收到的反馈比临床教练的反馈更有帮助。¹³

In addition, peer-to-peer learning can offer a cost-savings in resources. The cost of high-fidelity simulators and the staffing to run them can be quite high, which is why it’s often more beneficial to separately introduce skills training first.Using peer-to-peer learning, learners can acquire their foundational skills and knowledge. This can help you better time an investment in full-scale simulation until it's truly necessary.

There is alsoROIinvolved for learners. One study demonstrated that peer learning helped to develop professional skills, such as feedback techniques, leadership qualities, and autonomy in learning.¹⁴学习者对他们的教育进行了巨大的投资，如果他们认为自己的经验是积极的，并给了他们ROI，他们可以非常积极地反映出组织。

Budget limitations are a reality for many nursing programs today but, fortunately, ROI can come in many forms. In the realm of simulation, peer-to-peer learning can provide ample opportunity for ROI with little risk.

美国劳工局预计，到2022年，需求要求110万名新护士，当时人口老龄化还需要57.5万名新职位，除了替代预计将退休的550,000名护士替代。¹⁵这个护士严重短缺方法,nursing schools are unable to accept qualified applicants because of their lack of resources.¹⁶随着他们努力扩大教职员工和班级的规模，根本没有足够的新毕业生来补充劳动力。

Peer-to-peer learning is one way for your organization to approach the challenge that lays ahead. While it is not intended to replace traditional classroom learning or high-fidelity simulation, it offers a supplemental and highly-valuable training opportunity. Your faculty can maximize their scarce time while learners (and their future patients) reap the benefits of repeated and safe skills practice.